First, wenwan: historical inheritance and cultural charm
(A) the origin and development of wenwan
Wenwan can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, when Four Treasures of the Study's idea of "pen, ink, paper and inkstone" was born. However, it was not until the Tang and Song Dynasties that the traditional art of calligraphy and painting matured and the literati group was formed that Four Treasures of the Study really found his position and value and became an indispensable tool for the desk of the scholar's bachelor and even the emperor's official study. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, stationery for study further developed, and various auxiliary appliances were derived, such as pen holder, pen washer, arm rest, etc. These beautifully carved appliances with different shapes were called "wenwan" by literati, and flourished in the Qing Dynasty, forming standard wenwan such as banzhi, walnuts and caged birds.
(B) the types of wenwan
Wood: lobular rosewood has a high density, small brown eyes and stable wood properties. It was called "the wood of emperors" in ancient times and grew slowly, and it took more than 800 years to become a timber. Hainan huanghuali is a national first-class protected plant with slow timber, solid wood and beautiful patterns. Aquilaria sinensis is a kind of wood, perfume and traditional Chinese medicine, and its formation method is extremely difficult, and its price per gram can exceed that of gold.
Bodhi category: King Kong Bodhi, Xingyue Bodhi and Fengyan Bodhi are the "old three kinds of wenwan attractions". As an entry-level wenwan, they are deeply loved by players. Xiao cheng bodhi has a higher price among bodhis, and it is a collection level.
Jade: Hetian jade is a high-end nephrite with leading brand in China, which is divided into narrow sense and broad sense. Emerald has a long cultural history and its price remains high.
Gems: Amber is a kind of beeswax, opaque or semi-opaque, and it is a precious ornament. Agate is a kind of chalcedony minerals, and there are many kinds, including South Red Agate and Warring States Red Agate.
(C) the classification of wenwan
Entry-level: representing wenwan as various bodhis, such as King Kong Bodhi, Xingyue Bodhi and Cheng Yan Bodhi. Players have a solid foundation and full of fun, and the value is mainly obtained by playing for a long time.
Into the class: represented by carving wenwan, such as olive stone carving. Thanks to the micro-carving technology of intangible cultural heritage, the value of olive core has doubled, with excellent density, strong cortex and amazing face value after playing.
High-level: The demand for wenwan is extreme, which means that wenwan is a wooden wenwan made of scarce wood materials, such as agarwood. The value of agarwood stems from its changeable odor changes and extremely difficult formation methods.
(D) the collection value of wenwan
Wenwan has rich historical, artistic, cultural and aesthetic values. From a historical point of view, Wenwan bears the cultural heritage of China for thousands of years, and bears witness to the social features of different periods and the life interest of literati. In terms of art, wenwan has different shapes and exquisite carving, which reflects the superb technological level. The cultural value is embodied in the close relationship between wenwan and Buddhism and traditional culture. In terms of aesthetic value, wenwan has a variety of materials and magnificent textures, giving people a beautiful enjoyment.
In the collection market, wenwan plays an increasingly important role. Some wenwan with scarce materials, such as Hetian jade, Hainan huanghuali, lobular rosewood and agarwood, have high collection value. With the gradual scarcity of resources and the continuous improvement of people's understanding of wenwan, the collection of wenwan has broad prospects. But at the same time, we need to be cautious in collecting wenwan, and we should learn to distinguish between authenticity and avoid falling into the trap of collection.
Second, the ancient city: historical sites and architectural features
(A) inventory of famous ancient cities
China has many ancient cities with a long history and unique charm. Old Town of Lijiang, founded at the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, is one of the most famous towns on the ancient tea-horse road, and it is also one of the ancient cities in China that successfully declared the world cultural heritage with the whole ancient city. There is Lion Mountain in the west, Xiangshan Mountain and Jinhong Mountain in the north, surrounded by green hills and beautiful scenery. There is no wall in the ancient city, which is said to be because the hereditary ruler of Lijiang is surnamed Mu, and building a wall will form the word "sleepy". In the past, it was the main commercial and trade distribution center in Yunnan, with an open and inclusive culture, and indigenous people, mainly Naxi people, got along well with foreign nationalities. Pingyao Ancient City, which was founded in Zhou Xuanwang BC, is the most complete existing ancient city in the Han nationality area of China, and is known as "China Ancient Wall Street". The ancient residential houses in the city are all quadrangles with blue bricks and gray tiles, full of local flavor. Langzhong ancient city, with a history of more than 2,300 years, is an important military town in ancient Pakistan and Shu, a well-preserved "ancient city of geomantic omen" and has the reputation of "Langyuan Wonderland" since ancient times. Huizhou ancient city, the birthplace of Huizhou culture, is known as "Southeast Zou Lu, the state of etiquette", which has a unique style of "city-to-city" and brings together the most representative elements of ancient Huizhou. The ancient city of Taierzhuang, which originated in Qin and Han Dynasties, developed in Tang and Song Dynasties and flourished in Ming and Qing Dynasties, is known as the "No.1 village in the world" and is a world cultural heritage reconstruction city with eight architectural styles. Ancient city of qingzhou, one of the ancient Kyushu, has a history of more than 7,000 years of development and 5,000 years of civilization, and retains a complete urban construction pattern. Fenghuang Ancient City, a gathering place of ethnic minorities, mainly Miao and Tujia, is comparable to Old Town of Lijiang and Pingyao Ancient City and enjoys the name of "Pingyao in the North and Phoenix in the South". The ancient city of Dali, built in the 15th year of Ming Hongwu, is the core tourist area of Dali. The ancient city of Kashgar is full of western customs. Nanxun town, located in Huzhou, is a national 5A scenic spot. Tongli ancient town is a typical water town in the south of the Yangtze River. The ancient town of Luoyi, located in the old city of Luoyang, is free to enter the park.
(B) the architectural features of the ancient city
Riverside architecture
Characteristics of Lijiang River System: Old Town of Lijiang has an orderly water system structure, which can be divided into tree water system, area water system and point water system. The tree-like water system, dominated by the Yuhe River network, brings a steady stream of living water; The surface water system represented by Heilongtan and Baimalongtan can supplement Yuhe River. The punctate water system represented by "Sanyanjing" is the main water consumption of Lijiang people.
Water and urban spatial pattern: The trend of Old Town of Lijiang Street is almost in sync with the river, and the river crosses the street and the lane, and the hospital goes through the wall, forming the Jiangnan scenery of "every family is flowing, and every family is weeping for the young". People introduce water into their courtyards for beautification and watering. The water system structure fully embodies the harmony and unity between the ancient city and nature.
Features of buildings facing the river: The foundation of buildings facing the river is high, and they are built with stones to prevent water erosion. Most of the windows along the river are made of wood and decorated with exquisite patterns. The building opens a corridor, which can be used for passage and viewing. The city depends on water, and the water is with the city, which is the biggest feature of the ancient city architecture.
Yishan construction
Type of architecture: Lijiang folk houses are the essence of the architecture around the mountain. Most of them are tile-roofed buildings with civil structure, most of which are three squares and one wall, and there are also many quadrangles, which maintain an independent pattern of one household.
Architectural layout characteristics: it is a major feature to follow the trend and rely on mountains. The building stands in the lion mountain, the street winds up along the mountain, and the house is a combination of high and low terrain. Make full use of the potential of the slope, arrange shops in different levels, and arrange courtyard-style houses on the slope, so that there is no slope, and there is no ridge, just like nature. The courtyard is compact, with good lighting and perfect combination with the environment.
Architectural details: the courtyard layout and house details are rich and delicate, and the brick carvings of green eaves and white walls and roof eaves are different. The arches of the gatehouse overlap, the cornices protrude from the walls, the verandahs are spacious and bright, and the doors and windows are decorated with exquisite patterns. There are flowers and rockeries in the patio.
Street building
General situation of architecture: The buildings facing the street in Old Town of Lijiang are cleverly arranged according to the trend of the street, and the streets and lanes are staggered, not paying attention to horizontal and vertical, and the architectural layout does not require uniformity.
Distribution of buildings: mainly distributed in Sifang Street, Qiyi Street, Wuyi Street, Guangyi Street, Guanyuan Lane, Xianwen Lane and other places. The buildings on both sides of the street are neatly arranged along the street trend, and the houses are closely connected.
Connection between management and residence: most buildings are on the second floor, the first floor is for shops and the second floor is for living. There is a mansion on the second floor wall, which can be used for storing goods, passage or meeting people. There is also a courtyard-style building with a front shop and a back house, which is made of wood on the street side, and the wooden columns and walls are exposed, highlighting the material texture.
Architectural features: buildings facing the street walk into the hospital. There are two stones at the entrance of Naxi People's Congress, representing Dong Shen and Sai Shen, symbolizing good luck.
