1. Encourage learning

a pre-Qin philosopher

The gentleman said, 'Learning is not enough.'.

Green, taken from blue, and green from blue ②; Ice is like water, but colder than water. A straight wooden rope is used as a wheel, and its curve follows the standard ③. Although there are those who have withered and become violent, those who no longer stand up, let it be. Therefore, when wood is tied to a rope, it becomes straight; when gold is sharpened, it becomes sharp; when a gentleman is knowledgeable and constantly reflects on himself, he knows that he will act wisely without any mistakes.

I have been thinking all day long, it's not as good as learning in a moment; I have tasted it and looked at it, but it's better to gain insights from climbing high. Climbing high and moving, arms are not lengthened, but seen far away; Shouting in the wind, the sound is not a sign of illness, but it is noticeable to those who hear it. Fake horses are not beneficial and can lead to thousands of miles; Fake boats are not capable of water, but rather cut off rivers and streams. A gentleman is not a stranger, and is good at deceiving things.

Accumulated soil forms mountains, and wind and rain thrive; Accumulated water forms a deep abyss, where did the dragon give birth; Accumulate good deeds into virtue, while the gods are content with themselves, and the holy heart is prepared. Without accumulating steps, there is no way to travel thousands of miles; Without small streams, there can be no rivers or seas. The Qiji jumps with one leap, but cannot take ten steps; Ten slow horses, with great achievements to come. Persevering and letting go, the decaying wood remains unbroken; Perseverance, stone and stone can be engraved. Earthworms lack the benefits of claws and the strength of their muscles and bones. They eat Egyptian soil from above and drink yellow spring from below, but with one heart. Crab kneeling six times with two claws, not a snake or eel with no place to rest in its hole, restless and restless.

[Note]

① Gentleman: This refers to a person with knowledge and cultivation. Already: stopped.

② Blue: Indigo, a dye obtained from bluegrass. Blue: Grass name, also known as Liao (li ǎ o) blue. Its leaves contain blue juice and can be used as a blue dye.

③ Zhong (zh ò n ɡ) rope: (wood) conforms to straight ink lines. Woodworkers use straight ink lines to straighten Connect the "xi" to make it bend. Rule: Compass.

④ Although there is a withered (ɡǎ o) burst (p ù): even if it is dried again. There is: Tong "again". Drying: Drying in the sun. Dry: withered. Exposure: Sunbathing. Reply: Again. Quite: Straight.

⑤ Rope: measured by ink line ratio.

⑥ Gold: Refers to metal swords, etc. Just: Verb, approach, approach. Sharpening: Sharpening stone.

⑦ A gentleman is knowledgeable. "A gentleman studies extensively and checks and examines his words and deeds every day. Reference (c ā n): verification and inspection. Say, refer, understand "three", multiple times, approximate numbers. Province (x ǐ n ɡ): Provincial Inspection. It is equivalent to 'equivalent to'.

⑧ A moment: a moment, a moment. Q ì: Lift the heel of the foot. Bo Jian: Widely seen.

⑨ Seeing from afar: It means that people can also see from afar. Disease: Strong, here it refers to a loud voice. Zhang: Clear.

⑩ Fake: using, utilizing. Yu: Car. Li Zu: Feet walk fast. To: Arrived. Capable of swimming: adept at swimming. Water: Used as a verb, swimming refers to swimming. Absolute: Crossing. Birth (x ì n ɡ): Refers to one's "nature", qualifications, and endowments. Object: External object refers to various objective conditions. Accumulating good deeds and cultivating good character will lead to the highest wisdom and possess the intellectual realm of a sage. Step by step: In ancient times, stepping out of one foot was called "step", and stepping out of two feet was called "step". Helpless: There is no way to. Qiji (j ì): a fine horse. Silly horse: an inferior horse. Ten driving: The distance traveled by a horse drawn cart in ten days. Perseverance: carving. Carving: Carving. Heart to heart: (This is the reason for) being dedicated and focused. Use: Because. Six kneels: Six legs, crab actually has eight legs. Kneeling: Crab legs. Claw: Crab claws. Impatience: Impatience and lack of focus.

【 Appreciation 】

The book 'Persuasion on Learning' systematically discusses the purpose, significance, attitude, and methods of learning, and is an important article in ancient times that discusses' learning '. The excerpt here focuses on the importance, role, and attitude of learning. The author repeatedly argues that human knowledge, talent, and character are not innate, but acquired through learning and accumulation. Even the thoughts of saints can be acquired through continuous learning and accumulation. So, everyone should remain steadfast, down-to-earth, and constantly learn.

The first paragraph presents the central argument of the entire text: 'Learning is not enough.'.

The second paragraph discusses the importance of learning. The author first uses a series of metaphors to argue, and then explains that people need to learn extensively and constantly reflect on themselves in order to have wisdom, clarity, and flawless behavior.

The third paragraph discusses the role of learning. The author first elaborates on the significant effects of learning from a positive perspective, then explains that good results are achieved through external conditions, and finally infers that people need to transform and improve themselves through learning.

The fourth paragraph explains the attitude that should be maintained towards learning. The whole paragraph is divided into three layers: the first layer emphasizes the need to accumulate knowledge; The second layer emphasizes that perseverance is the key to learning; The third layer emphasizes that learning requires focused attention. These three layers of meaning are deeply intertwined, with a very close internal connection.

2. The teacher said

Han Yu

Ancient scholars must have teachers. As a teacher, it is also important to pass on knowledge and receive guidance to dispel doubts. Those who are not born knowing, how can they be without confusion? If one is confused and does not follow a teacher, they will be confused and ultimately unable to understand. Born before me, the way of hearing is always before me, so I learn from it; Born after me, he also heard the Tao before me, and thus I learned from him. My teacher Dao Ye, does Fu Yong know the order in which he was born in my year? Therefore, there is no nobility or lowliness, no growth or scarcity, the existence of the Tao and the existence of the teacher.

Sigh! The teachings of Shidao ⑦ have not been passed down for a long time! It's difficult to have no doubts about wanting people! The sages of ancient times, whose origins are far away, still need to learn from their teachers and ask what they are; Today's people, among whom the saints are also far away, are ashamed to learn from their teachers. Therefore, the holy benefit the holy, and the foolish benefit the foolish. What makes saints holy and fools foolish? Love your son, choose a teacher to teach him; As for him, he is ashamed of his teacher and confused. The teacher of that child, who teaches books and learns their sentences, is not what I call a person who spreads the Tao and solves its doubts. The ignorance and confusion of every sentence, whether learned or not, have left a great legacy in elementary school, but I have not yet seen its clarity. The shaman, musician, and master of all trades are shameless. The clan of literati, known as the "master" and "disciple", gather together and laugh. If asked, he would say: 'He is similar to that year, similar in the way, humble in position, ashamed enough, and prosperous in position, close to flattery.' Alas! The disappearance of the teacher's way is known. The shaman, musician, and one of the Hundred Craftsmen, a gentleman has no respect for him. Nowadays, his intelligence is beyond his reach, which is both strange and despicable!

The sage is an impermanent teacher. Confucius taught Tanzi, Changhong, Shixiang, and Laodan. The disciples of Tanzi are not as virtuous as Confucius. Confucius said: If three people walk together, there must be my teacher. Therefore, disciples do not need to be inferior to their teachers, and teachers do not need to be superior to their disciples. There is a hierarchy of teachings and specialized skills, that's all.

Li Shizi Pan, aged seventeen, was good at ancient Chinese literature and was proficient in the transmission of the Six Arts and Classics. He was not limited by the time and learned from the rest. Yu Jiaqi was able to walk the ancient path and wrote the "Teacher's Discourse" to enlighten him.

[Note]

① Ancient scholars must have teachers: Those who studied in ancient times must have teachers. Scholar: a person who studies.

② So: relying on... for. Subject: To pass on knowledge and impart knowledge.

③ Born knowing: understand reason from birth. It refers to knowledge and reasoning. Who: Who.

④ Wen: I know, I understand. Thus, the teacher: follow (him) and worship him as a teacher. Teacher: It means' taking him as a teacher '.

⑤ Do you know the chronological order of his birth to me? Who cares if he is older than me (Mr. Yu) or younger than me (Mr. Yu)? Yong: No, no, no. Knowledge: Understand and know. Year: Here refers to age. It is a structural particle with no real meaning.

⑥ Therefore, therefore. None: Regardless, without distinction.

⑦ Teacher's Way: The Fashion of Following a Teacher. Dao: There is a sense of fashion here.

⑧ Out: This refers to exceeding. Still: Not yet, still.

⑨ People: Ordinary people. Below: Below. Yu: Towards.

⑩ The two sentences of "Shengyi Sheng": Saints are more enlightened, while fools are more ignorant. Benefit: More and more. To himself: for himself. Body: oneself. Shameful teacher: Being a teacher is shameful. Shame: Intentional usage. Confusion: Confused. Teach him a book and help him learn its sentences. It refers to children. It refers to books. Sentence reading: In ancient times, it referred to the rest and pause of words and phrases. Where the meaning of the text has been expressed, it becomes a sentence, and where it needs to be paused, it becomes a reading. Some follow the teacher, while others do not. The meaning is that those who do not know how to read a sentence should learn from a teacher, while those who cannot solve doubts should not learn from a teacher. No: No, no, no. Legacy: Discarded. Bai Gong: Various craftsmen. Xiangshi: Worship others as teachers. Clan: Class. Those who call themselves "teacher" or "disciple" are often referred to as "teacher" or "disciple". Yunzhe: It means' so so so '. If one is of low status, they will feel ashamed; If someone holds a high official position as a teacher, it is almost flattery. Flattery: flattery, flattery. Disgusted: Disdain to be on the same level as them, ashamed to be with them, meaning to look down upon them. Teeth: parallel and arranged. It is strange that the knowledge of literati nowadays is not as good as that of shamans, musicians, and craftsmen! Chang Shi: A fixed teacher. Tan (t á n) Zi: During the Spring and Autumn Period, he was the ruler of Tan State (now in the Tancheng area of Shandong Province). Confucius once asked him for the name of his official position. Chang (ch á n ɡ) Hong: During the reign of King Jing of Zhou, Confucius consulted him about music. Shi Xiang: During the Spring and Autumn Period, he was a musician in the state of Lu. Confucius learned to play the qin from him. Laodan (d ā n): It's Laozi. Confucius once asked him about etiquette. If there are three people walking together, there must be someone who can be my teacher. No need: not necessarily. There are specialties in each profession: specialized research in both knowledge and skills. Attack: Study and research. Liu Yi Jing Zhuan: The scriptures and texts of the Six Classics. Six Arts: Refers to the six types of scriptures including Poetry, Book, Rites, Music, Yi, and Spring and Autumn Annals. The poem 'Le' has been lost for a long time, and this is based on the ancient saying. Commentary: Ancient works that explain scriptures. Shi: Refers to the negative atmosphere among the literati who were ashamed to become teachers at that time. Jia: Praise. Ancient Path: Refers to the way ancient people followed their teachers. Y í: Gift.

【 Appreciation 】

Shi Shuo "is a famous paper by Han Yu. The full text is divided into four paragraphs.

The first paragraph presents the central argument and summarizes the importance of teaching and the criteria for selecting teachers based on their functional role.

The second paragraph points out the consequences, manifestations, and reasons for not following a teacher today, and criticizes the wrong attitude of not valuing teacher ethics and the negative atmosphere of being ashamed to follow a teacher. This paragraph is discussed in three layers using a comparative approach. On the first level, the key to distinguishing between the wise and the foolish lies in comparing the questioning of "ancient sages" from their teachers and the shameful learning of "today's people" from their teachers, and pointing out whether they respect their teachers and value the Way; On the second level, comparing one's own choice of teacher to another's choice of teacher, pointing out the fallacy of 'primary school leaving behind a great legacy'; On the third level, comparing the people of the hundred skilled shamans, musicians, and officials with the clan of literati, we criticize the prevailing trend of underestimating the teachings of teachers in society at that time.

The third paragraph uses Confucius' words and actions towards teachers as an example to illustrate the attitude that teachers should have, clarify the relationship between teaching and learning, and the principle that capable people are teachers.

The fourth paragraph praises Li Pan for "not being bound by the times" and "being able to walk the ancient path", explaining the reason for writing this article.

3. Xiaoyao Tour

Zhuangzi

There is a fish in Beiming, named Kun ①. The size of Kun is unknown for thousands of miles; It transforms into a bird and is named Peng.

Peng's back, I don't know if it's thousands of miles away; Flying in anger, its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. If it is a bird, then it will be transported by sea to the southern underworld, which is also known as Tianchi. Those who read 'Qi Xie' are also those who have supernatural desires. The saying in "Harmony" goes: "Pengzhi migrated to the southern underworld, and the water hit for three thousand miles. He rose up ninety thousand miles by twisting and shaking, and rested in June." Wild horses, dust, and living creatures all breathe with each other. Is the vastness of the sky good or evil in color? Is it far away and extremely evil? If it is visible, then it is already there. If the accumulation of water is not thick, then the boat cannot bear it. If a cup of water is placed on top of the Ao Tang, the mustard will be the boat, and if a cup is placed, it will be glued. If the water is shallow, the boat will be big. If the wind is not thick, then its negative wings are also powerless. Therefore, if it is ninety thousand miles away, then the wind will descend, and then it will be the current wind cultivation; Carrying the burden of the blue sky, but not the graceful one, later came the current general Tunan. With a smile from Xuejiu, he said, "I will rise and fly, grab the elm and stick, and stop. The time will not come, and I will only control the ground. Xi will take it 90000 miles to the south as ⑫?" For those who are suitable for the wilderness, even after three meals, their stomachs will still be as good as ⑬; Suitable for a hundred miles, stay overnight and pound grain; Suitable for thousands of miles, gather grain in March. What do you know about the second insect!

Little knowledge is not as good as great knowledge, and little years are not as good as big years. Does Xi know what it is? The morning mushrooms do not know the new day, and the crayfish do not know the spring and autumn seasons. This is also a small year. There are spirits in the south of Chu, with five hundred years old as spring and five hundred years old as autumn; In ancient times, there was a great Chinese toon, which was considered spring at the age of eight thousand and autumn at the age of eight thousand. This year is also known as ⑱. And Peng Zu has heard of it for a long time now, and everyone is in awe of it. Isn't it also sad! The question of the spine in the soup has also been raised. To the north of poverty lies the Dark Sea and the Heavenly Pool. There is a fish, which is thousands of miles wide, and no one knows its cultivator. Its name is Kun. There are birds. It's called Peng. Its back is like Mount Taishan, its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky, and its wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. It can reach 90 thousand li by rolling sheep's horns. It can cut off the clouds, defeat the blue sky, and then go south, which is suitable for the southern world. He sneered and said, "Is that also Xi Shi? I leaped up, but only a few feet down, soaring among the misty plants, and this is also where I have flown. And is that also Xi Shi?" This was a small and big debate.

Therefore, if a husband knows how to serve as an official, compare his actions to those of a township, and unify his virtues as a ruler, then he who conquers a country also sees himself as such. But Song Rongzi still smiled. And if it is renowned worldwide without persuasion, if it is not recognized by the world without criticism, it depends on the distinction between the inside and outside, and the debate is based on the situation of honor and disgrace. This is already done. Compared to the world, it has not been counted yet. Although there are still trees. Fu Liezi walked against the wind, being gentle and kind, and then reversed after five days of ten. Those who bring blessings have not been counted yet. Although this is not feasible, there are still those who need it. If a man rides on the righteousness of heaven and earth, and resists the debate of the six energies, and swims endlessly, what evil is he? Therefore, it is said that the wise have no self, the gods have no merit, and the saints have no name.

[Note]

① Beiming: Beihai. Ming: To connect with the sea. Kun (k ū n): The legendary big fish.

② Fly in anger: flap your wings and fly vigorously. Anger: Fury, refers to flapping wings. Clouds hanging in the sky.

③ Sea freight: Ocean freight. There is a saying in ancient times that 'the sea moves in June'. When the sea moves, there must be strong winds, and only with strong winds can the Peng bird borrow the wind to migrate south. Tianchi: a naturally formed large pool of water.

④ Qi Xie ": The title of the book is" Qi Guo Haiku Xie ". Zhiguai: Record strange things. Record: Record.

⑤ The two sentences "Tu á n Fu Yao": Riding on the whirlwind to fly tens of thousands of miles high, relying on the strong winds of June to leave. Tuan: Spinning upwards in a circular motion. Fuyao: Whirlwind. 9: The imaginary number is not a real number. Go: leave. To use, rely on. Breath: Breath, here it refers to the wind.

⑥ The mist in the mountains and the dust in the air are all the result of the breath of living organisms blowing against each other. Wild horse: swimming mist. In spring, the mist in the mountains, forests, and swamps rushes like wild horses, so it is called "wild horses". Blow: Blow.

⑦ Ao Tang: a low-lying area on the hall. Jie: Little grass. Glue: Sticky, pointing to the ground.

⑧ S: So, that's it. Then and now: and only then did it begin. Pei: By the way.

⑨ Yaoxi (è): Blockage. Tunan: Plan to fly south.

⑩ Decision: It looks fast. Grab: touch, touch. Yufang: elm and sandalwood trees. Xi used... as a rhetorical question, which is equivalent to "Where do we need. To: arrived. South: Southbound. Suitable: towards. Mangcang: Suburban scenery, referring to the outskirts of the city. Sure enough: it looks very full. March Grain Gathering: Reserve dry grain three months before departure. Here: This. Two worms: referring to the ti á o and the learning dove. Insect: an ancient generic animal. Zhi (zh ì): To communicate with "wisdom". Year: lifespan. Chao (zh ā o) mushroom "two sentences: Chao (zh ā o) mushroom does not know the time changes of a month, and Hu ì (hu ì) cricket (ɡū) does not know the time changes of a year. Morning mushroom: A great cicada, born in the morning but dies upon seeing the sun. Hui: The last day of each month in the lunar calendar. Shuo: The first day of each month in the lunar calendar. Cicada: born in spring and died in summer, born in summer and died in autumn. Spring and Autumn: Refers to the four seasons. Ghostly Spirit: Tree Name. Pengzu: Legend has it that he was a minister of Yao, named Kang, and lived for eight hundred years. Special: Unique. Wen: Known to people. Pi: Compared to. Yes: That's it. Yes: pronouns, like this. Already: Connected. Poor Hair: Legend has it that it is an extremely barren and remote land without vegetation. Hair: refers to plants and trees. Sheep horn: Whirlwind. The whirlwind spirals upwards like horns of a sheep. Absolute: Straight up through. Clouds: Clouds. Penghao: Two types of grass names. Peng: Feipeng. Hao: Hao Zi. Flying to the utmost: the highest limit of flying. This small big debate is also: this is the difference between small and big. Debate: Distinguish and distinguish. Effect: Efficacy, which means "competent" here. Compared to: He. And to conquer a country: the ability to earn the trust of its people. And: the ability to communicate, talent. Zheng: Xin, here means "to obtain trust". The two sentences of "Dinghu": (Song Rongzi) Recognize the boundary between oneself and external things, and distinguish the boundaries of honor and disgrace. Ding: Recognize. That's it: stop here. He is in the world, pursuing nothing. Bi Qi: Two pronouns are used interchangeably. Shu ò: The appearance of desperately pursuing. The two sentences of "Riding on the Righteousness of Heaven and Earth": Adapt to the nature of all things in heaven and earth, and control the changes of the six qi. In contrast to the "debate" (change) in the following sentence. Debate: Change through communication. Six Qi: Yin, Yang, Feng, Yu, Hui, Ming. What does evil (w ū) rely on? That is to say, there is nothing to wait for. Evil: What. Zhi Ren: Zhuangzi believed that the person with the highest cultivation. The meanings of "divine person" and "sage" in the following text are similar. No self: No self, that is, I do not distinguish between things. Reactive power: Without doing anything, there is no utility. Nameless: Not named.

【 Appreciation 】

Xiaoyao You "is a masterpiece that embodies the philosophical thoughts of Zhuangzi. The whole article is ingeniously conceived, adept at combining imagination with reality, adept at combining dialogue with reasoning, adept at combining satire with analysis, attracting readers to read while thinking, and reading while thinking, with endless flavor.

In terms of conception, the entire text revolves around Xiaoyao and consists of three parts: metaphor, explanation, and expression. In metaphor, the fact that both Yan and Xuejiu are ignorant and fly by the wind shows their arrogant and proud forms; Moving on to the second part of the explanation, high-ranking officials and nobles in politics display their talents in a mediocre manner, like a sparrow that is small and pitiful. Finally, it is proposed that only by being open-minded and seeking nothing can one achieve the state of freedom and emptiness of being selfless, useless, and nameless. This is the purpose of the author's writing.

4. Fu from Afang Palace

Du Mu

After the completion of the six kings, the four seas are one, the mountains of Shu are rugged, and A Fang has left. Covering over 300 miles ②, isolated for days ③. Li Mountain forms a northern structure and turns west, then goes straight to Xianyang ④. Erchuan dissolves and flows into the palace walls. Five steps per floor, ten steps per pavilion; Langyao Manhui ⑥, eaves high pecking ⑦; Embrace the terrain and engage in scheming. Panpan Yan, Gua Yan Yan ⑨, honeycomb vortex, standing tall without knowing how many millions fall. Long Bridge Lying on Waves, Without Clouds, What Dragon? Returning to the path of emptiness, what kind of rainbow does it not bring? High and low mysterious, I don't know the west and east. The singing platform sounds warm, and the spring scenery blends together; The dance hall is cold sleeves, and the wind and rain are desolate. Within a day, the climate varies between different palaces.

Consorts and concubines, princes and grandsons, resigned from the lower palace and came to Qin by carriage. Morning songs and night strings, for Qin palace people. Stars shine brightly, even with makeup glasses; Green clouds disturb, even combing the morning maid; The Wei River rises and becomes greasy, abandoning the fat and water; Smoke slanted and mist horizontal, burning pepper orchids. Thunder startled and the palace carriage passed by; Long distance listening, not knowing where it is. With one muscle and one appearance, one's appearance is extremely beautiful, standing tall and far sighted, yet looking fortunate. There are those who are missing, 36 years. The collections of Yan and Zhao, the management of Han and Wei, and the elites of Qi and Chu, have been plundered for several generations and years, leaning against the mountains. Once there is none, lose in between. Ding Dang jade, gold nuggets, and pebbles, abandoned and twisted, were regarded as precious by the Qin people and were not greatly cherished.

Sigh! The heart of one person, the heart of millions of people. Qin loves luxury and people also cherish their homes. How can we take all the precious money and use it like mud and sand? Make the pillars of the negative building more numerous than the farmers of the southern acre; The number of beams and rafters is more than the number of workers on the machine; Nail head phosphorus, more than in the millet grains of Yu; The tile seams are uneven, more than the silk threads around the body; Straight railings and horizontal barriers, more than nine earth city walls; The orchestra is hoarse, more than the words of the city people. Make the people of the world dare not speak but dare to be angry. The heart of a single husband is becoming increasingly proud. The soldiers shouted, Hangu Ju, and the Chu people set fire to it, pitifully scorched earth!

Alas! The six states that destroyed the six states are not Qin states; Qin Ye, who belongs to the Qin ethnic group, is not a part of the world. Sigh! If each of the six states loves their own person, it is enough to reject Qin; If Qin restores his love for the people of the six kingdoms, then he can become a ruler for all eternity after three generations, and whoever gains it will have their clan destroyed? The Qin people were overwhelmed with self pity, while later generations mourned it; Later generations mourn but do not learn from it, which also makes later generations mourn again.

[Note]

① The six kingdoms have perished, the world has been unified, the mountains of Sichuan have become barren, and the Afang Palace has appeared. Six Kings: Kings of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei, referring to the six states. Bi: Done, referring to the state of Qin being destroyed. 1: Unified. Wu: The mountain is high and flat. This describes that the trees on the mountain have been completely cut down. Out: appeared, meaning built.

② Covering over 300 miles: (from Weinan to Xianyang) covering over 300 miles of land. Describing the continuous succession of palaces and towers, occupying a vast area. Overpressure: Covering.

③ Isolation Day: Covering the day. This describes the grandeur of palaces and pavilions.

④ Construction: Verb, building a house. Walk: Trend.

⑤ Erchuan: refers to the Wei River and Fanchuan River. Dissolve: The appearance of slow flowing river water.

⑥ Langyao Manhui: The corridor is wide and winding. Corridor: A corridor connecting tall buildings, resembling a person's waist. Man: Lingering. Reply: twists and turns.

⑦ Eaves high pecking: (protruding) eaves (like bird beaks) pout upwards. Eaves: The eaves protrude like teeth.

⑧ Gou Xin Dou Jiao: Refers to the uneven and intricate structure of the palace. Hook center: refers to various buildings gathering towards the central area. Half corner: refers to the situation where the corners of the house are facing each other, as if they are engaged in a battle.

⑨ Panpan: It looks like it's hovering. Q ū n Q ū n: The appearance of twists and turns.

⑩ Chu: Describes the appearance of a building standing tall and towering. The long bridge lies on the water, without clouds, how could a dragon appear? The Book of Changes has the saying 'Clouds follow the dragon', so people believe that if there is a dragon, there should be clouds. This is a use of feigned questioning to describe a long bridge resembling a dragon. Mingmi: Unable to distinguish clearly. Rongrong: Harmony and Joy. Cold sleeves: Due to the fluttering of the dancing sleeves, it seems to bring a chill. Consorts and concubines (y ì n ɡ qi á n ɡ): Refers to the palace concubines of the princes of the six states. They each have their own rank (the rank of the concubine is higher than that of the concubine and the concubine). The bride is a dowry person and may also become a concubine or concubine. Prince and grandson: Refers to the daughters and granddaughters of the princes and nobles of the six states. Disturbance: a chaotic appearance. Maiden: The circular hair bun worn by ancient women. Moisturizing: A layer of sebum (a facial wash containing rouge and powder) has risen. Long distance listening: The sound of the car is getting farther and farther. Lulu: The sound of a car dealership. Yao: Far and wide, nowhere to be seen. Yan: Beautiful. Manli: Jiuli. Xing: In the feudal era, when the emperor went to a certain place, it was called "Xing". Consorts and concubines are favored by the emperor and are called "lucky". Collection: Refers to the collection of gold, jade, precious treasures, and other items. The terms "management" and "elite" in the following text also refer to items such as gold, jade, and jewelry. Pi ā o plundering: snatching from the people. Piracy: robbery, plundering. Person: Citizen. The two sentences of "ding dang (ch ē n ɡ) jade": regard the precious tripod as an iron pot, the beautiful jade as a stone, the gold as a soil block, and the pearl as a stone. Dang: A shallow pan with a flat bottom. L ǎ y ǐ: Continuous and uninterrupted. Zh ī zh ū: an ancient unit of weight, one Zh ī zh ū equals six Zh ū, and one Zh ū is approximately one twenty fourth of the later one or two. The combination of divination and divination is extremely subtle. Phosphorus: The protruding appearance of stones in water. This describes a prominent nail head. Yu (y ǔ): An open-air barn. Dufu: A ruler who has lost the hearts of the people and is extremely isolated. This refers to Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Solid: Stubborn. The name of the garrison soldiers refers to the Chen She and Wu Guang uprisings. Example: Pull, capture. If Qin cherishes the people of the six states, he can become emperor for three or even ten thousand generations. Who can destroy him? Delivery: Pass it down in order.

【 Appreciation 】

The Fu of Afang Palace "is a prose in the form of Fu created by the Tang Dynasty writer Du Mu, which uses ancient times to satirize the present. Du Mu vividly summarized the historical experience of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty's arrogant and extravagant downfall of the country by describing the construction and destruction of the Afang Palace, and issued a warning to the rulers of the Tang Dynasty, showing the sentiment of a righteous literati in the feudal era who cared about the country and the people, and advocated for social welfare. The entire text employs techniques such as imagination, metaphor, and exaggeration, as well as methods of description, arrangement, and discussion. The parallel sentences are scattered and arranged in a staggered manner.

In terms of content structure, this poem consists of four paragraphs:

The first paragraph describes the grandeur and magnificence of the Afang Palace.

In the second paragraph, write about the beauties and treasures in the Afang Palace, exposing the extravagant lifestyle of the rulers of the Qin Dynasty, and setting an ambush for the following discussion.

The third paragraph shifts from description to discussion, demonstrating the original intention behind writing this essay.

In the fourth paragraph, summarize the historical lessons of the Six Kingdoms and the downfall of Qin, and issue a warning to the current rulers.

5. Chibi Fu

Su Shi

In the autumn of Renxu, with the arrival of July, Su Zi and his guests sailed under the red cliffs. The gentle breeze blows, but the water waves remain calm. Lifting wine belongs to the guest ②, reciting the poem of the bright moon, singing the graceful chapter. Shao Yan, the moon rises above Dongshan and wanders between bullfights. White dew crosses the river, water and light connect to the sky. The sight of a reed is like ⑤, and the confusion of ten thousand hectares is like ⑥. Haohao is like Feng Xu riding the wind, without knowing where it ends; Drifting like an independent survivor, ascending to immortality through metamorphosis.

So he drank and had a great time, bowing his hips and singing. The song says: "Gui Zhao Xi Lan Ping 10, hitting the sky with clear light, tracing the flowing light. The vastness is in my arms, looking towards the beautiful woman in the sky." Some guests play the Dongxiao, leaning on the song and harmonizing with her. Its voice was whimpering, like resentment or admiration, like tears or complaints, with lingering echoes like threads. Dancing the hidden dragon in the secluded valley, weeping the lonely boat's bride.

Su Ziran sat upright and asked the guest, "What is the reason for it?" The guest replied, "The moon is bright and the stars are sparse, and the black magpies fly south." Isn't this the poem of Cao Mengde? Looking west at Xiakou and east at Wuchang, the mountains and rivers are intertwined, and the sky is lush. Isn't this the poem of Meng De trapped by Zhou Lang? He broke through Jingzhou, went down to Jiangling, flowed downstream to the east, and covered the sky with flags for thousands of miles. He drank wine by the river and wrote poetry on the cross. As a great hero in a lifetime, where are we now? My son and I are fishing and woodcutting on the banks of the river, with fish and shrimp and deer as friends, riding a flat boat with a single leaf, holding a bottle to belong to each other. Sending a mayfly to the sky and earth, a drop in the vast sea. Lamenting for the moment I was born, admiring the infinite Yangtze River. Carrying flying immortals to roam, embracing the bright moon and ending long. Do you know that it cannot be obtained suddenly, but it is left behind by the mournful wind

Su Zi said, "Even the guest knows the relationship between my husband's water and the moon. The passing of time is like this, but it has never been gone; the fleeting is like that, but there is no fluctuation in the passing of time. If you observe it from its changing state, then heaven and earth cannot be seen for a moment; if you observe it from its unchanging state, then both things and I are endless, but there is no envy! And between my husband, heaven and earth, things have their own masters, and if they are not my own, they cannot be taken at all. Only the clear breeze on the river, and the bright moon in the mountains, can be heard as sound, and seen as color with the eyes. It is an endless treasure of the Creator, and what I and my son share is the same. Suitable

The guest smiled with joy, washing the cup and drinking more. The dishes are all gone, and the cups and plates are in a mess. Lying together in the boat, unaware of the whiteness of the East.

[Note]

① Ji Wang: After the 15th day of the lunar calendar, it refers to the 16th day of the lunar calendar.

② Lifting a glass of wine to persuade guests to drink. Belonging to: This refers to persuading people to drink alcohol.

③ Shao Yan: Just a moment. Bullfighting: Dousu and Niusu are both star names.

④ The two sentences of "White Dew Across the River": The vast expanse of water vapor envelops the river surface, and the waves meet the starry sky.

⑤ Let the small boat drift away, like a reed. Vertical: Ren. Yi Wei: Refers to a small boat (metaphorically referring to a boat that is very small, like a reed leaf). The quote from the Book of Songs, Wei Feng, He Guang goes: "Whoever has a wide Wei River, a reed will hang (sail) on it.

⑥ Ling Wanqing's confusion: Crossing the vast river surface. Ling: Crossing over. Wanqing: refers to the vast river surface. Confused: looking distant.

⑦ Feng (p í n ɡ): Pass "by", ride. Virtual: Space. Yu: Driving.

⑧ The two sentences of "Leaving the World Independently": Leaving the world and ascending to a fairyland. Feathering: Legend has it that immortals can ascend like they have wings.

⑨ Buckling the sides: tapping on the edge of the boat, indicating the rhythm. Side: Both sides of the ship.

⑩ Gui Zhao (zh à o) Xi Lan Paddle: A boat made of Gui tree, an oar made of Mulan. Boat: A rowing tool that resembles an oar. Kongming: Refers to the clear waves under the moonlight. Tracing: Going upstream against the current. Flowing light: The moonlight floating on the river surface. Miao Miao Yu Huai: I think far away in my heart. Miao Miao: It looks distant. Yige: Following the tone and rhythm of the song. Lean: follow, follow. Harmony: Corresponding to the same voice, singing in harmony. The ending is poignant, gentle, and long-lasting, like a continuous thread. Niao Nian: Describes a voice that is gentle and long-lasting. Thread: Fine thread. The sound of the flute made the dragon in the deep valley dance, and the widow sitting alone in the lonely boat shed tears. Youhe: a deep valley. L í woman: Widow. (Qi ǎ o) Ran: The way the appearance changes. Dangerous sitting: Sitting upright. Why is it so sad? The two sentences of 'li á o' describe the scenery surrounded by mountains and rivers, creating a lush green landscape. Miao: Liao, coiled. Below: Capture. 舳 L ú (zh ú l ú): The combination of the bow and stern of a ship, referring to a vessel that is connected at the beginning and end. Sh ī wine: pouring wine. Hengcha Fu Shi: Holding a long spear horizontally, reciting poetry (Cao Cao's poem is "Short Song Xing"). 槊: Spear. Fishing and chopping on the banks of the river: fishing and chopping wood by the river. Fishing and woodcutting: Fishing and chopping wood. Zhu: A small island in the middle of the river. Yiye: Describing a small boat. P á o bottle: a wine vessel made of gourds. 匏: Gourd. Sending mayflies "is like a mayfly in the vast world, as small as a grain of corn in the vast sea. Mayfly fly (f ú y ó u): a small flying insect that grows near water during the transition between summer and autumn. Its survival period is very short, and ancient people said it lived and died day and night. This is used to metaphorically describe the brevity of life. Suddenly obtained: counted, repeatedly obtained. Yixiang: residual sound, referring to the sound of the flute. The passing is like this "four sentences: The flowing water flows like this (constantly flowing), but it does not flow away; The moon, which is round and short at times, is like that (constantly round and short), but finally does not increase or decrease. The meaning is that although water flows away, it remains water; Although the moon has both roundness and imperfection, it is still the moon. Passing away: towards. S: Here, it refers to water. Ying: Full. Deficiency: Lack. That means the moon here. Soldier: To the end. Growth and decline: reduction and growth. The Analects of Confucius: Zihan. This is the infinite treasure of nature, which you and I can enjoy together. Creator: Originally referred to as "heaven", which is now known as "nature". Endless Zang: derived from the Buddhist language of "Endless Zang Hai" (the ability of the sea to encompass all things). Here, there is a meaning of enjoyment. Dish core: dishes and fruits. Wolf Book: Messy. Ji è: Lying on each other's pillows. White: It has already appeared white (referring to daylight).

【 Appreciation 】

The Red Cliff Ode "is a prose written by Su Shi, a literary figure of the Northern Song Dynasty, and is a masterpiece in the history of ancient Chinese literature. Throughout the text, scenery runs through the entire text, with "wind" and "moon" as the main elements, and "mountains" and "water" as supplementary elements. The entire text focuses on the description and discussion of wind and moon. Opening with the scenery of wind and moon, and repeatedly reproducing the images of wind and moon in the text, it expresses the complex process of the author's soul shifting from contradiction and sadness to transcendence and sublimation.

The first paragraph describes the scene of a night tour of Red Cliff.

In the second paragraph, the author writes about the joy of drinking and singing, as well as the melancholic sound of the guest's flute.

In the third paragraph, write the guest's lament about the brevity and unpredictability of life.

The fourth paragraph is Su Shi's expression of his own views on the impermanence of a guest's life, in order to ease their concerns.

In the fifth paragraph, after listening to the author's conversation, the writer turned sadness into joy and indulged in a hearty drink, saying, "We share a boat with each other, unaware of the whiteness of the East. At the beginning, it vividly depicts the joy of sightseeing, and as for the state of forgetting gains and losses and transcending things.

The ancient Chinese writer Fang Bao commented on this article in the Qing Dynasty, saying: "There is no absolute difference in what is seen, but the cultural environment is unattainable. It is good to be idle and open, with no impurities in the chest, and to express oneself in every touch, with full consideration, without knowing the reason behind it. It is not only that others cannot imitate it, even if Zizhan is better, they cannot be so harmonious and smooth." Su Shi expressed his open mindedness through various artistic techniques. Only by forgetting gains and losses, and having an open mind, can he write the "Red Cliff Ode" with an unattainable cultural environment.